Intrigue and Revolution

This is a book of unexpected drama: all eleven chief rabbis appointed in this period of unprecedented change in the Jewish communities of the Fertile Crescent became the subject of controversy and were subsequently dismissed. This took place against a background of events rarely discussed in the context of Jewish society: crime, hooliganism, slander, power struggles, sexual promiscuity, and even assaults and assassination attempts on rabbis. Using a wide range of testimonies gleaned from Ottoman Jewish, Arabic, and European sources, Yaron Harel paints a colourful picture of these upheavals set firmly in the social and political context of the time and far removed from the commonly accepted image of Jewish communities in the Ottoman empire.

Jews were also affected by modernization and political conflict in the wider society of the time, and these too gave rise to power struggles. The chief rabbis were at the forefront of these confrontations, especially those that resulted from the new inclination towards Western culture. Most of them recognized that the challenges of modernization had to be met, although in a way that did not endanger religious principles. Their openness to change stemmed from a concern for the future of the communities for which they were responsible, but they were often vociferously opposed by those who were free from such responsibility. The communal politics that ensued were sometimes heated to the point of violence.

In the latter years of the empire, many Jews came to support the Young Turks, with their promise of liberty and equality for all. The atmosphere of the time was such that rabbis had to develop political awareness and engage in Ottoman politics. This was another source of tension within the community since the new regime punished anyone suspected of opposition severely.

This lively and fascinating study based on little-known sources offers a lens through which to view the Jewish society of the Ottoman empire at a time when all the traditional norms were being challenged.

Note on Transliteration
Introduction

PART I: Harbingers of Upheaval

1 The Failure of R. Sadkah Houssin’s Struggle for Control over the Baghdad Community
2 The Roots of the Struggle in Aleppo against the Inheritance of the Rabbinate by R. Raphael Shlomo Laniado

PART II: The Rabbis of the Reform

3 The Saga of Hakham Raphael Kassin: From Hakham Bashi in Baghdad to Reform Rabbi in Aleppo
4 The Baghdad Community Torn between Rabbis Sassoon Samoha and Elisha Dangoor
5 Avraham Dweck Hacohen Khalousi: the last Hakham Bashi who was born in Aleppo
6 Rabbi Yitzhak Abulafia’s Difficult Path to the Rabbinic Office in Damascus
7 The Appointment and Deposition of Rabbi Yitzhak Abulafia

PART III: Rabbis of The Revolution

8 The Appointment and Removal of Rabbi Solomon Eliezer Mercado Alfandari in Damascus
9 Rabbi Yaakov Danon’s Appointment as Rabbi of Damascus and its Consequences
10 Rabbi Hezekiah Shabbetai’s Struggle against those who would depose him
11 The Removal of the Hakham Bashi of Baghdad, David Pappo, from his position by the Young Turks

Epilogue
Glossary
Bibliography

‘Harel’s book is destined to become the fundamental starting point for research into many aspects of the Jewish communities it discusses, and of others too. It makes an outstanding contribution in at least four areas: the history of the three communities that are discussed and those which they were in contact; the multi-faceted nature of the rabbinate as an institution; Jewish identity and self-understanding; and the work of historian in the post-modern age . . . Harel’s strength as a historian lies not only in how he uses his sources, but also in his ability both to ask stimulating new questions and to resolve them, thanks to the breadth of his knowledge, his intellectual honesty, and his empathy for the people about whom he is writing.’
Nachem Ilan, Pe’amim